Electrical terms and their definitions

Below are the 500 most common Electrical Terms and their definitions. Many find these terms might sound confusing to you. Hope this electrical glossary helps you understand those.

Electrical terms list

AC (Alternating Current)

Electric current that periodically reverses direction, commonly used in power transmission.

AC Coupling

A method of coupling two circuits together through a capacitor, allowing only the AC component to pass while blocking the DC component.

AC Generator

A generator that converts mechanical energy into alternating current (AC) electrical energy.

AC Motor

A motor that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy by utilizing the interaction between a rotating magnetic field and current-carrying conductors.

AC Power

Electrical power generated by alternating current, where the direction of current flow periodically changes.

ARM Processor

A family of reduced instruction set computing (RISC) architectures widely used in embedded systems and mobile devices.

Active Power Control

The regulation and control of active power in an electrical system to maintain frequency stability, ensure power generation and consumption balance, and support grid operation.

Active Power

The actual power consumed or produced in an electrical circuit, measured in watts (W) or kilowatts (kW), representing the real power component that performs useful work.

Actuator

A device that converts electrical signals into mechanical motion, often used to control valves, switches, or robotic systems.

Admittance

The reciprocal of impedance, representing the ease with which an electrical circuit or device allows the flow of alternating current (AC).

Alternating Current (AC)

An electric current that periodically changes direction, typically used for power transmission and distribution.

Alternating Current

An electric current that periodically reverses its direction, typically seen in power distribution systems.

Ammeter

A device used to measure electric current in amperes (A) flowing through a circuit.

Ampacity

The maximum current that a conductor or electrical device can carry continuously under specified conditions without exceeding its temperature limits and safety standards.

Ampere (A)

The unit of electric current in the International System of Units (SI), representing the flow of one coulomb of charge per second.

Amplifier

A device that increases the amplitude or power of an electrical signal without significantly distorting its waveform.

Amplitude

The maximum value or magnitude of an oscillating quantity, such as voltage or current.

Analog Signal Processing

The manipulation and analysis of continuous-time analog signals.

Analog Signal

A continuous and variable signal that represents information in the form of continuously varying quantities.

Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)

A device or circuit that converts analog signals into digital signals.

Antenna

A device that converts electrical signals into electromagnetic waves or vice versa, used for transmitting or receiving radio frequency signals.

Apparent Power

The product of voltage and current in an AC circuit.

Arc Flash

A dangerous release of energy caused by an electric arc or electrical fault, characterized by intense heat, light, and pressure.

Arduino

An open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software, widely used for prototyping and creating interactive projects.

Armature Resistance

The resistance of the armature winding in an electric machine, influencing power losses and voltage drop.

Armature

The rotating part of an electric machine, such as a motor or generator, that carries current and interacts with magnetic fields.

Atomic Force Microscope

A high-resolution microscopy technique that uses a small probe to scan the surface of a sample to create detailed images.

Attenuation

The gradual loss or reduction of signal strength or power as it travels through a medium or transmission system.

Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS)

A device that automatically transfers power supply from one source to another in the event of a power outage or failure.

Automation

The use of control systems and technology to automate and optimize processes, reducing the need for human intervention.

Autotransformer

A transformer that shares a common winding for both the primary and secondary circuits, allowing voltage transformation and adjustment.

BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor)

A three-layer semiconductor device used for amplification or switching of electrical signals.

Back-EMF (Electromotive Force)

The voltage generated in an inductive coil or motor winding when the current changes, opposing the applied voltage.

Backup Power

An alternate power source or system used to provide electricity during power outages or emergencies.

Ballast

A device used to regulate and control the current flow in fluorescent lamps or gas discharge lamps.

Bandwidth

The range of frequencies over which an electronic device, circuit, or system can operate effectively.

Battery

A device that stores chemical energy and converts it into electrical energy through chemical reactions.

Binary Code

A coding system that represents information using a sequence of 0s and 1s, commonly used in digital systems and computers.

Binary System

A number system based on two digits, 0 and 1, used in digital electronics.

Biomedical Engineering

The application of engineering principles and techniques to the field of medicine and healthcare, involving the design and development of medical devices and technologies.

Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)

A three-layer semiconductor device that amplifies or switches electronic signals, commonly used in electronic circuits.

Black Start Capability

The ability of a power plant or system to restart and restore electrical power generation and distribution without relying on an external power supply, often crucial in emergency situations or system failures.

Blackout

A complete loss of electrical power over a wide area or an entire power system, resulting in a disruption of services and activities.

Bluetooth

A wireless communication technology that allows for short-range data exchange between devices, such as smartphones, laptops, and peripherals.

Bode Plot

A graphical representation of the frequency response of a system, showing the gain and phase shift as a function of frequency.

Boundary Scan

A method for testing and diagnosing digital integrated circuits and printed circuit boards using dedicated test circuits embedded in the devices.

Breaker Failure Protection

A protective scheme that detects and clears faults in electrical systems by initiating backup protection measures if the primary circuit breaker fails to operate or clear the fault.

Breaker

See Circuit Breaker.

Brownout

A reduction in voltage or power supply level, intentionally or unintentionally, by the utility to cope with high demand or system limitations.

Brushless DC Motor

A type of synchronous motor that uses electronic commutation instead of brushes and a commutator to achieve high efficiency and maintenance-free operation.

Busbar

A conductor or bar that serves as a common connection point for multiple electrical circuits in a power distribution system.

Capacitance Voltage Transformer (CVT)

A type of instrument transformer used for high-voltage measurement and protection, employing a capacitive voltage divider to provide accurate voltage representation.

Capacitance

The ability of a capacitor to store electric charge, measured in farads (F).

Capacitive Reactance

The opposition offered by a capacitor to the flow of alternating current, dependent on the frequency of the applied AC signal and the capacitance value.

Capacitor Bank

A group or bank of capacitors connected in parallel or series in an electrical system to improve power factor, voltage stability, and reactive power compensation.

Capacitor Voltage Transformer (CVT)

A type of instrument transformer used to step-down high voltage levels to a lower voltage suitable for measurement or protection purposes, employing a capacitive voltage divider.

Capacitor

A passive electronic component that stores and releases electrical energy in an electric field.

Cathode-Ray Oscilloscope (CRO)

An electronic test instrument used to display and analyze varying voltage signals, typically in the form of a graphical waveform.

Circuit Analysis Techniques

Various methods and tools used to analyze and solve electrical circuits, such as Kirchhoff’s laws, mesh analysis, and nodal analysis.

Circuit Analysis

The process of determining voltages, currents, and other electrical quantities in a circuit.

Circuit Board

A flat board that holds and connects electronic components and traces to form a functional circuit.

Circuit Breaker Coordination

The process of selecting and coordinating circuit breakers and protective devices in an electrical system to ensure that the fault closest to the source is cleared first, minimizing disruption and damage.

Circuit Breaker

A protective device that automatically interrupts electrical flow when excessive current is detected, preventing damage or hazards.

Circuit

A closed path or loop through which an electric current can flow, typically consisting of interconnected components and conductors.

Closed Loop

A control system configuration where the output is continuously monitored and adjusted based on feedback to maintain desired conditions.

Closed-Loop Control

A control system in which feedback is used to continuously compare the actual output with the desired value and adjust the system to minimize errors.

Coaxial Cable

A type of cable that consists of a central conductor, an insulating layer, a metallic shield, and an outer insulating layer, commonly used for high-frequency signal transmission.

Combinational Logic

Digital logic circuits where the output depends only on the current input.

Communication Protocol

A set of rules and standards that govern the exchange of data and information between devices in a communication system.

Communication System

A system that enables the transmission and reception of information or signals through various media, such as wired or wireless networks.

Commutation

The process of reversing the direction of current flow in a rotating machine, such as a DC motor or generator.

Complex Number

A number that consists of a real part and an imaginary part, often used in electrical engineering to represent phasors and AC circuits.

Conductivity

The measure of a material’s ability to conduct electric current, often represented by its conductivity or resistivity.

Conductor

A material or substance that allows the flow of electric current, typically characterized by low resistance.

Conductors

Materials or components that have high electrical conductivity and allow the flow of electric current, such as copper, aluminum, and other metals.

Control System

A system that manages, regulates, or directs the behavior or operation of other systems or devices, often involving feedback mechanisms.

Control Systems

Systems that regulate and manage the behavior of other systems or processes through the use of feedback and control mechanisms.

Control Theory

The mathematical and engineering principles used to analyze and design control systems for achieving desired system performance and stability.

Control Valve

A device used to regulate or control the flow of fluid or gas in a system by adjusting the size of the flow passage.

Converter

A device or circuit that converts electric power from one form to another, such as AC to DC conversion or voltage level conversion.

Coulomb (C)

The unit of electric charge in the International System of Units (SI), representing the charge of approximately 6.24 x 10^18 electrons.

Counter

A digital electronic device that counts and records the number of occurrences of a particular event or signal.

Current Divider

A circuit that splits the input current into smaller currents based on the resistance ratio.

Current Limiting Reactor

An inductive device inserted in series with a circuit to limit the flow of current and protect equipment from short circuits or excessive fault currents.

Current Transformer (CT)

A device used to measure or monitor alternating current (AC) by stepping down the current to a manageable level for measurement or control purposes.

Current

The flow of electric charge per unit of time, measured in amperes (A).

DC (Direct Current)

Electric current that flows consistently in one direction, such as from a battery.

DC Generator

A generator that converts mechanical energy into direct current (DC) electrical energy.

DC Motor

A motor that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy by utilizing the interaction between a magnetic field and current-carrying conductors.

DC Power

Electrical power generated by direct current, where the current flows in a single direction.

Decibel (dB)

A unit of measurement used to express the relative intensity or power ratio of a signal or quantity, commonly used in telecommunications and audio systems.

Decoder

A combinational logic circuit or device that converts coded information into a specific output pattern.

Delta Connection

A three-phase electrical connection where the end of one winding is connected to the start of the next winding in a triangular or delta configuration.

Demodulation

The process of extracting the information from a modulated carrier signal.

Dielectric Strength

The ability of an insulating material or medium to withstand high voltages without electrical breakdown, indicating its insulation quality and voltage withstand capability.

Dielectric

An insulating material or medium that exhibits minimal electrical conductivity and is used to separate conductive parts or store electrical energy.

Differential Protection

A protective scheme used in power systems to detect and respond to a fault condition by comparing the currents entering and leaving a protected zone, providing fast and selective fault clearing.

Digital Signal Processing (DSP)

The manipulation and analysis of digital signals using algorithms and digital hardware.

Digital Signal

A discrete and quantized signal that represents information using a finite number of distinct values or levels.

Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC)

A device or circuit that converts digital signals into analog signals.

Diode

A semiconductor device that allows current to flow in one direction and blocks it in the other.

Direct Current (DC)

An electric current that flows in one direction with constant polarity, often produced by batteries or rectifiers.

Direct Current

An electric current that flows in a single direction, typically produced by batteries, DC power supplies, or rectifiers.

Distributed Generation

The generation of electrical power from multiple small-scale or localized sources, often using renewable energy technologies, close to the point of consumption.

Distribution Automation

The application of advanced technologies, communication systems, and control strategies to automate and optimize the operation and monitoring of electrical distribution networks, improving efficiency, reliability, and fault management.

Distribution Lines

Lower-voltage power lines that carry electricity from distribution substations to consumers, delivering power to homes, businesses, and industries.

Distribution Transformer

A transformer used to step down the voltage from the distribution network to a lower level for utilization by consumers.

Doppler Effect

The apparent change in frequency or wavelength of a wave caused by the relative motion between the source of the wave and the observer.

Earth Fault

A fault or short circuit that occurs when current flows from an electrical circuit to the ground or Earth.

Earthing

The connection of electrical equipment or systems to the Earth’s conductive surface or an electrode, providing safety and mitigating potential electrical hazards.

Electric Arc

A luminous electrical discharge between two electrodes, characterized by a high temperature, ionization of gases, and the generation of intense heat, light, and electromagnetic radiation.

Electric Discharge

The flow of electric current through a medium, such as air, gas, or vacuum, resulting in the release of energy in the form of light, heat, or sound.

Electric Field Intensity

The measure of the strength or magnitude of an electric field at a particular point, determined by the electric charges and their distribution in the vicinity.

Electric Field

A physical field produced by electric charges or voltage differences, exerting forces on other charges and influencing the behavior of electrical systems and components.

Electric Grid Integration

The process of integrating distributed energy resources, such as renewable energy systems or energy storage, into the existing electric grid infrastructure.

Electric Motor Control Centers (MCC)

Cabinets or enclosures containing motor starters, drives, and control devices for the operation and protection of electric motors.

Electric Motor Control

The techniques and methods used to regulate the speed, direction, and operation of electric motors.

Electric Motor Controller

A device or system that regulates the operation, speed, direction, and torque of an electric motor based on control inputs or feedback signals.

Electric Motor

A machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy, producing rotational or linear motion.

Electric Power Conversion

The process of converting electrical energy from one form to another, such as AC to DC conversion, voltage conversion, or frequency conversion, using power electronic devices and circuits.

Electric Power Distribution

The process of delivering electrical power from a transmission system to end-users, involving transformers, distribution lines, substations, and distribution networks.

Electric Power System

A network of interconnected components and equipment used to generate, transmit, distribute, and utilize electric power.

Electric Power

The rate at which electric energy is consumed, generated, or transferred, typically measured in watts (W) or kilowatts (kW).

Electric Shock

The physiological effect of an electric current passing through the human body, potentially causing injury or even death, emphasizing the importance of electrical safety measures.

Electric Vehicle (EV) Charging

The process of supplying electric power to recharge the batteries of electric vehicles.

Electric Vehicle (EV)

A vehicle powered by one or more electric motors using energy stored in rechargeable batteries or other energy storage devices.

Electrical Code

A set of regulations and standards that define the safe installation, operation, and maintenance of electrical systems and equipment.

Electrical Conductivity

The measure of a material’s ability to conduct electric current, often represented by its conductivity or resistivity.

Electrical Conductor

A material or component with high electrical conductivity that allows the flow of electric current, commonly made of copper, aluminum, or other conductive materials.

Electrical Discharge

The rapid flow of electric charges through a medium, often accompanied by the emission of light, heat, or sound.

Electrical Energy

The form of energy resulting from the movement of electric charges, commonly measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh) or joules (J).

Electrical Grid

A network of interconnected power generation, transmission, and distribution systems that deliver electricity from power plants to consumers.

Electrical Grounding Grid

A network of interconnected conductors buried in the ground to provide a low-resistance path for fault currents, ensuring safe dissipation and isolation of electrical faults.

Electrical Grounding

The connection of electrical systems, equipment, or conductors to the Earth or a grounding electrode to ensure safety, dissipate static charges, and provide reference potential.

Electrical Harmonics

The additional frequency components present in an electrical system or waveform, typically integer multiples of the fundamental frequency, resulting from nonlinear loads or nonlinearities in the system.

Electrical Impedance

The total opposition or resistance to the flow of alternating current (AC) in a circuit, consisting of resistance, inductance, and capacitance.

Electrical Insulation

The use of non-conductive materials or barriers to prevent the flow of electric current and provide protection against electrical hazards.

Electrical Insulator

A material or component that exhibits high resistance to the flow of electric current, preventing or limiting current leakage.

Electrical Load Bank

A device or system designed to simulate electrical loads for testing and commissioning purposes, allowing the evaluation of power systems, generators, or UPS units under controlled conditions.

Electrical Load Characterization

The process of quantifying and analyzing the electrical characteristics and behavior of a load, such as its power requirements, voltage-current relationship, transient response, and harmonic content.

Electrical Load

The amount of power consumed by electrical devices or equipment connected to an electrical system.

Electrical Network

An interconnected system of electrical components, devices, and conductors that work together to perform specific functions or tasks.

Electrical Panel

A control panel or cabinet that houses electrical components, switches, circuit breakers, and other devices for power distribution and control.

Electrical Power Generation

The process of converting various forms of energy, such as mechanical, thermal, or chemical energy, into electrical energy.

Electrical Power Grid

An interconnected network of power generation, transmission, and distribution systems that delivers electricity to consumers and end-users.

Electrical Power Meter

A device used to measure and monitor electrical power consumption, providing information on voltage, current, power factor, energy usage, and other electrical parameters.

Electrical Power

The rate at which electrical energy is transferred or consumed, typically measured in watts (W) or kilowatts (kW).

Electrical Reactance

The opposition offered by inductive or capacitive elements to the flow of alternating current (AC), expressed in ohms.

Electrical Resistance

The measure of a material’s opposition to the flow of electric current, represented by the unit ohm (Ω).

Electrical Safety Standards

Set of guidelines, regulations, and specifications designed to ensure the safe design, installation, operation, and maintenance of electrical systems, protecting people and property from electrical hazards.

Electrical Safety

Measures and practices aimed at preventing electrical hazards and ensuring the safety of people and equipment in electrical systems.

Electrical Substation

A facility that transforms voltage levels, controls power flow, and distributes electrical power from high-voltage transmission systems to lower-voltage distribution systems or specific consumers.

Electrical Switch

A device used to open or close an electrical circuit, allowing or interrupting the flow of electric current.

Electrical System

A network of interconnected electrical components, devices, and conductors used to generate, transmit, distribute, and utilize electric power.

Electrical Voltage

The electric potential difference or electromotive force (EMF) between two points in an electric circuit, measured in volts (V).

Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM)

A type of non-volatile memory that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed.

Electricity Market

A regulated marketplace where electricity is bought, sold, and traded among generators, suppliers, and consumers, facilitating efficient resource allocation and pricing.

Electrolytic Capacitor

A type of capacitor that uses an electrolyte as one of its conducting plates, typically employing an aluminum or tantalum oxide layer for increased capacitance values.

Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)

The ability of electrical devices or systems to function properly in their intended electromagnetic environment without causing or experiencing interference.

Electromagnetic Compatibility Testing (EMC Testing)

Testing and evaluation of electronic devices or systems to ensure their compatibility with electromagnetic environments and regulatory standards.

Electromagnetic Field (EMF)

A physical field produced by electrically charged objects or currents, capable of exerting forces on other charged objects or conducting currents.

Electromagnetic Field

A physical field generated by electric charges or currents that exerts a force on other charges or currents in its vicinity.

Electromagnetic Induction

The process of generating an electromotive force (EMF) or voltage in a conductor when it is exposed to a changing magnetic field, according to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.

Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)

Disturbances caused by electromagnetic radiation from external sources that affect the operation of electronic equipment.

Electromagnetic Radiation

The emission or transmission of energy in the form of electromagnetic waves, including radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays.

Electromagnetic Spectrum

The range of all possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation, from radio waves to gamma rays.

Electromagnetic Wave Propagation

The transmission of electromagnetic waves through various media or the free space.

Electromagnetics

The study of the interaction between electric and magnetic fields.

Electromagnetism

The branch of physics that deals with the interaction between electric currents or fields and magnetic fields.

Electromechanical Relay

A switching device that operates based on the interaction between electrical currents and mechanical forces, commonly used in control and protection applications.

Electromechanical Systems

Systems that combine electrical and mechanical components to perform a specific function.

Electromotive Force (EMF)

The electrical potential difference or voltage generated by a source, such as a battery or generator, that drives electric current in a circuit.

Electron

A subatomic particle that carries a negative electric charge and orbits the nucleus of an atom, involved in the flow of electric current.

Electronic Circuit

A circuit consisting of electronic components, such as resistors, capacitors, transistors, and integrated circuits, used to process and control electrical signals.

Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)

The sudden flow of electric charge between two objects with different electric potentials, typically caused by static electricity, resulting in potentially damaging effects on electronic components.

Electrostatics

The study of stationary electric charges and their behavior.

Encoder

A device or circuit that converts analog or digital information into a coded format for transmission or storage.

Energy Audit

A systematic examination and analysis of energy use and consumption in a building, facility, or industrial process to identify energy-saving opportunities and efficiency improvements.

Energy Conversion

The process of converting one form of energy into another form, such as electrical energy to mechanical energy or vice versa.

Energy Efficiency

The measure of how effectively a system, device, or process converts input energy into useful output energy, often expressed as a percentage.

Energy Harvesting

The process of capturing and converting ambient energy from various sources, such as solar, thermal, or mechanical energy, into usable electrical power.

Energy Management System (EMS)

An integrated system that monitors, controls, and optimizes energy consumption, generation, and distribution within a facility or power system.

Energy Storage System (ESS)

A technology or device used to store electrical energy for later use, such as batteries, flywheels, or pumped hydro storage, enabling load shifting and grid stability.

Energy Storage

The process of storing electrical energy for later use, enabling load leveling, peak shaving, and integration of intermittent renewable energy sources.

Excitation System

The system responsible for supplying the field current to the rotor winding of a synchronous generator, establishing the magnetic field necessary for power generation.

Farad (F)

The unit of capacitance in the International System of Units (SI), representing the ability of a capacitor to store electrical charge.

Faraday’s Law

A fundamental principle in electromagnetism stating that a changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) or voltage in a conductor.

Fault Analysis

The process of identifying and investigating faults or abnormalities in an electrical system to diagnose and rectify issues.

Fault Clearance Time

The duration between the occurrence of a fault in an electrical system and the successful clearing of the fault by protective devices or circuit breakers, ensuring the restoration of normal operation.

Fault Clearance

The action taken to remove or isolate a fault condition in an electrical system to restore normal operation and prevent further damage.

Fault Current

The current that flows during a fault condition in an electrical system, often caused by short circuits, ground faults, or other abnormal conditions, necessitating proper protective measures.

Fault Detection and Diagnosis

The process of identifying and locating faults or abnormalities in an electrical system or equipment using various techniques, such as measurements, monitoring, and analysis.

Fault Locator

A device or system used to locate faults, such as short circuits or cable breaks, in electrical power transmission or distribution networks.

Fault Ride-Through

The capability of an electrical system or generator to maintain continuous operation and ride through transient voltage disturbances or faults without disconnecting from the grid.

Feedback Control Systems

Systems that use feedback to maintain or control a desired output or response.

Feedback Control

A control system architecture that utilizes feedback signals to continuously monitor and regulate the system output based on desired performance criteria.

Feedback

The process of feeding a portion of the output signal back to the input of a system to modify its behavior.

Ferromagnetic Material

A material that exhibits strong magnetic properties when exposed to a magnetic field, commonly used in transformers, motors, and magnetic cores.

Ferromagnetism

The phenomenon exhibited by certain materials, such as iron, cobalt, or nickel, where they can become strongly magnetized in the presence of a magnetic field.

Fiber Optic Cable

A type of cable that uses optical fibers to transmit data or signals using light pulses, offering high-speed and long-distance communication capabilities.

Fiber Optics

The technology and transmission medium that uses thin, flexible glass or plastic fibers to transmit light signals carrying data or information.

Field-Effect Transistor (FET)

A transistor controlled by an electric field rather than a current.

Filter

A circuit or device that selectively passes or blocks certain frequencies or ranges of frequencies in an electrical signal.

Flip-Flop

A digital circuit element that can store and remember a binary state or a bit of information, used in memory and sequential logic applications.

Fourier Transform

A mathematical technique used to analyze the frequency components of a signal.

Frequency Converter

A device or system that converts the frequency of an electrical power supply from one value to another, enabling compatibility between different power systems or loads.

Frequency Modulation (FM)

A modulation technique used in communication systems, where the frequency of the carrier signal is varied in accordance with the modulating signal.

Frequency Response

The ability of a system, device, or component to accurately reproduce or transmit electrical signals or variations over a range of frequencies, indicating its bandwidth and fidelity.

Frequency

The number of complete cycles or oscillations of a periodic waveform occurring per unit of time, typically measured in hertz (Hz).

Full-Wave Rectifier

A rectifier circuit that converts an alternating current (AC) input into a pulsating direct current (DC) output by conducting during both positive and negative half-cycles.

Fuse

A protective device consisting of a metal wire or strip that melts when the current exceeds a specified value, interrupting the circuit and protecting against overcurrents.

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)

A standard for digital cellular communication widely used in mobile phone networks, allowing voice and data transmission.

Galvanometer

An instrument used to detect and measure small electric currents, often used as a component in analog panel meters or laboratory equipment.

Gamma Correction

A technique used in imaging systems to adjust the brightness and contrast of an image, correcting for non-linearities in the display system.

Gauss’s Law

A fundamental law in electromagnetism stating that the total electric flux through any closed surface is equal to the enclosed electric charge divided by the permittivity of the medium.

Generator

A device or machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy, often through electromagnetic induction principles.

Grid Integration

The process of integrating renewable energy sources, such as solar or wind, into the existing electrical grid infrastructure, enabling their efficient and reliable operation.

Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI)

A safety device designed to protect against electric shock by quickly interrupting the flow of electric current when a ground fault is detected, commonly used in residential and commercial installations.

Ground Fault

An unintentional current flow from an electrical circuit to the ground or Earth, often caused by insulation failures, equipment faults, or faulty connections.

Ground Resistance

The measure of the resistance encountered by an electrical current flowing through the grounding system or electrode into the earth.

Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI)

A safety device that quickly interrupts the flow of electric current in a circuit when it detects a ground fault or leakage to prevent electric shock hazards.

Ground

A reference point in an electrical circuit or system that serves as a common return path for electric current and provides a stable voltage reference.

Grounding Electrode System

The system of conductive electrodes, such as rods or plates, connected to the grounding system to ensure proper grounding and safety.

Grounding Electrode

A conductive element, such as a grounding rod or plate, that is buried or connected to the Earth to provide a low-resistance path for electrical faults or excess charges to dissipate safely.

Grounding Resistance

The resistance of the grounding electrode or grounding system to the flow of fault or ground currents, influencing the effectiveness of fault clearing and system protection.

Grounding System

A network of conductors and electrodes designed to establish a safe and effective path for the dissipation of fault currents to the earth.

Grounding

The connection of an electrical circuit or system to the Earth’s ground potential for safety and reference purposes.

Haptic Technology

Technology that simulates the sense of touch or tactile feedback through vibrations, forces, or other sensory stimuli, enhancing user interaction with devices.

Harmonic Analysis

The process of identifying, analyzing, and quantifying harmonic components present in an electrical system using Fourier analysis techniques.

Harmonic Distortion Analyzer

A test instrument used to measure and analyze the harmonic content and distortion in an electrical system or waveform, providing insights into power quality issues.

Harmonic Distortion Factor

A measure of the total harmonic distortion present in an electrical system or waveform, expressed as a percentage or ratio, indicating the level of distortion relative to the fundamental frequency.

Harmonic Distortion

The presence of additional frequency components in an electrical signal or waveform, typically caused by non-linear loads or equipment.

Harmonic Filter Bank

A collection of harmonic filters tuned to specific frequencies, used to reduce harmonic distortion and maintain power quality in electrical systems.

Harmonic Filter

A device or circuit used to mitigate harmonic distortion in an electrical system by selectively attenuating specific harmonics, maintaining power quality and equipment performance.

Harmonic Mitigation

The reduction or suppression of harmonic distortion in an electrical system using various techniques such as passive filters, active filters, or harmonic cancellation methods.

Harmonic Resonance

The phenomenon where the natural frequency of a system coincides with one or more harmonic frequencies, resulting in amplification and distortion of the harmonic components.

Harmonic

A sinusoidal component or frequency that is an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency in a periodic waveform or signal.

Harmonics

Frequencies that are multiples of the fundamental frequency in an AC waveform.

Hertz (Hz)

The unit of frequency, representing the number of cycles per second in an alternating current or waveform.

High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC)

A transmission technology that allows the efficient long-distance transmission of electrical power using direct current (DC), enabling interconnection between asynchronous AC systems and integration of renewable energy sources.

High Voltage Engineering

The branch of electrical engineering that deals with the design, analysis, and application of systems and equipment operating at high voltages, such as transmission lines, substations, or power plants.

High Voltage

An electrical voltage level that exceeds the normal or standard voltage level, typically considered to be above 1000 volts.

Hole

A concept used in semiconductor physics to describe the absence of an electron.

Human-Machine Interface (HMI)

The interface or control panel that allows operators to interact with and monitor automated systems or machinery.

Hybrid Vehicle

A vehicle that combines an internal combustion engine with one or more electric motors for propulsion, enabling improved fuel efficiency and reduced emissions.

Hydroelectric Power

Power generated from the flow or falling of water, typically in dams or water turbines, to produce mechanical and electrical energy.

Impedance Matching

The process of optimizing the impedance characteristics of a source, load, or transmission line to ensure maximum power transfer and minimize signal reflections.

Impedance

The combined effect of resistance and reactance (inductive or capacitive) in an AC circuit.

Impulse Voltage Test

A high-voltage test performed to evaluate the ability of electrical insulation to withstand transient or impulse voltages, simulating lightning strikes or switching surges.

Inductance

The property of a circuit element, typically a coil, that opposes changes in current flow, measured in henries (H).

Induction Motor

A type of AC motor where the rotating magnetic field is induced by electromagnetic induction, commonly used in industrial applications.

Inductive Load

A type of electrical load that primarily relies on inductance and magnetic fields, such as electric motors or transformers.

Inductive Reactance

The opposition offered by an inductor to the flow of alternating current (AC), expressed in ohms.

Inductor

A passive electronic component that stores energy in a magnetic field when current flows through it, often used in circuits for energy storage, filtering, and signal processing.

Infrared (IR)

Electromagnetic radiation with longer wavelengths than visible light but shorter than radio waves, commonly used in remote control systems, night vision, and thermal imaging.

Inrush Current

The high current surge that flows briefly when an electrical device or equipment is first energized or switched on, often occurring due to the charging of capacitors or the magnetization of inductors.

Instrument Transformer

A type of transformer used in electrical measurement and protective systems to step-down current or voltage levels for accurate measurement or control purposes.

Instrumentation and Control Systems

Systems that involve the measurement, monitoring, and control of various process variables in industrial and automation applications.

Insulation Coordination

The process of selecting and coordinating insulation levels and protective measures in electrical systems to ensure safe and reliable operation under normal and abnormal conditions.

Insulation Resistance

The measure of the resistance offered by an insulating material to the flow of electric current, indicating its ability to prevent electrical leakage or breakdown.

Insulation

A material used to prevent or reduce the flow of electric current, providing electrical safety and protection.

Insulator Flashover

The phenomenon where an insulating material or surface breaks down and allows electric current to flow, typically occurring due to high voltage, contamination, or excessive electric field stress.

Insulator

A material or component that exhibits high resistance to the flow of electric current, preventing or limiting current leakage.

Integrated Circuit (IC)

A miniature electronic circuit consisting of interconnected semiconductor devices, such as transistors, diodes, and resistors, fabricated on a single chip.

Inverter

A device or circuit that converts direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC), commonly used in renewable energy systems and motor drive applications.

Isolation Transformer

A transformer that electrically isolates the primary and secondary windings, providing galvanic isolation and preventing the transfer of electrical noise or disturbances.

Joule (J)

The unit of energy in the International System of Units (SI), equal to the work done when a force of one newton acts through a distance of one meter.

Joule Heating

The process of heat generation in a conductor due to the flow of electrical current, caused by the resistance of the conductor.

Joule’s Law

The relationship between power, current, resistance, and heat generated in a resistor

Kilowatt (kW)

A unit of electrical power equal to 1000 watts, commonly used to measure power consumption or generation.

Kirchhoff’s Laws

A set of fundamental laws in electrical circuit analysis, including Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) and Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL), used to analyze the flow of electric currents and voltages in circuits.

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

The principle that states the algebraic sum of voltages in any closed loop or mesh of an electrical circuit is zero, based on the law of conservation of energy.

Light Emitting Diode (LED)

A semiconductor device that emits light when an electric current passes through it, commonly used in lighting applications.

Lightning Arrester

A protective device installed on electrical systems and equipment to divert lightning strikes or high voltage surges to the ground, preventing damage and ensuring safety.

Lightning Protection

Measures, devices, and grounding systems designed to protect structures and electrical systems from the damaging effects of lightning strikes.

Linear Regulator

A type of voltage regulator that uses a variable resistance to adjust and stabilize the output voltage, providing a constant voltage irrespective of load changes.

Load Balancing

The distribution of electrical loads across multiple sources or phases to ensure equal utilization and prevent overloading of any individual component.

Load Center

An electrical panel or distribution point where power from a main source is distributed to various branch circuits and connected loads.

Load Factor

The ratio of the average power consumed by a load to the maximum power it could consume over a specific period, often used to analyze energy consumption patterns and optimize electrical system design.

Load Flow Analysis

A computational technique used to analyze the steady-state behavior and power flow in an electrical power system, determining voltage levels, losses, and load allocations.

Load Forecasting

The process of predicting and estimating future electricity demand or load patterns to assist in system planning, operation, and resource allocation.

Load Profile

A representation or analysis of the electrical load pattern and characteristics of a consumer, system, or equipment over a specific period, often used for load forecasting, energy management, and tariff assessment.

Load Shedding

The controlled and temporary reduction or shedding of electrical load to prevent system instability or cascading failures during periods of high demand or faults.

Logic Analyzer

A test and measurement instrument used to capture, analyze, and display digital signals or waveforms in digital circuits or systems.

Logic Gate

A digital circuit element that performs a specific logic function, such as AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, or XNOR, based on the input signals.

Logic Gates

Electronic circuits that perform basic logical operations, such as AND, OR, and NOT.

MOSFET (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor)

A type of field-effect transistor that uses a metal-oxide-semiconductor structure to control the flow of electric current.

Magnetic Circuit

A path or loop through which magnetic flux flows, typically formed by magnetic materials and conductors, governing the behavior of magnetic fields and devices.

Magnetic Field

A region around a magnetic object or current-carrying conductor where a magnetic force is exerted.

Magnetic Flux Density

The measure of the strength of the magnetic field per unit area, typically denoted by the symbol “B” and measured in teslas or gauss.

Magnetic Flux

The measure of the total magnetic field passing through a given area or surface, representing the quantity of magnetic lines of force.

Magnetic Hysteresis

The lagging or delayed response of magnetic materials to changes in the magnetic field, resulting in residual magnetization even when the field is removed.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A medical imaging technique that uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to generate detailed images of the internal structures of the body, aiding in diagnosis and medical research.

Magnetomotive Force (MMF)

The force or driving factor that produces magnetic flux in a magnetic circuit, calculated as the product of current and the number of turns in a coil.

Megger

A portable instrument used to measure insulation resistance in electrical systems and equipment, helping to identify insulation faults or degradation.

Mesh

A loop in a circuit that does not contain any other loops.

Microcontroller

A compact integrated circuit that combines a microprocessor core with memory, input/output peripherals, and other features, used for embedded system applications.

Microgrid

A localized group of interconnected electricity sources, loads, and energy storage systems, capable of operating independently or in conjunction with the main power grid, often used to enhance grid resiliency and incorporate renewable energy sources.

Microprocessor

The central processing unit (CPU) of a computer system, typically on a single integrated circuit.

Modulation Techniques

Methods used to impose information onto a carrier signal for transmission.

Modulation

The process of modifying a carrier signal with information to be transmitted.

Motor Control Center (MCC)

An assembly of one or more motor starters, protective devices, and control circuitry housed in a common enclosure, used for central control and protection of electric motors in industrial applications.

Motor Control Circuit

The electrical circuitry and components responsible for controlling the operation, starting, stopping, and protection of electric motors, typically involving contactors, motor starters, and control devices.

Motor Efficiency

The ratio of the mechanical power output to the electrical power input of an electric motor, indicating how efficiently the motor converts electrical energy into mechanical work.

Motor Starter

A device or circuit used to control the starting, stopping, and protection of electric motors, typically incorporating contactors, overloads, and control circuitry.

Motor

A device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.

Multimeter

A versatile instrument used to measure multiple electrical quantities, including voltage, current, resistance, and continuity.

Mutual Inductance

The property of two inductors influencing each other’s electrical behavior through magnetic fields.

Nanotechnology

The field of science and technology focused on the manipulation and control of matter at the nanoscale, typically involving structures or materials with dimensions between 1 and 100 nanometers.

Network Analysis

The study of interconnected elements and their behavior in a circuit or system.

Network Analyzer

An electronic instrument used to measure and analyze the response of electrical networks, including frequency response, impedance, and transmission characteristics.

Network Topology

The arrangement or configuration of interconnected elements in a network, such as a bus, star, or mesh topology.

Neutral Grounding

The intentional connection of the neutral point of a power system to the ground or Earth, providing a reference potential and facilitating fault detection and protection.

Node

A point in a circuit where two or more elements are connected.

Noise

Unwanted random variations or disturbances in a signal that can affect its quality or interpretation.

Nuclear Power

Power generated from nuclear reactions, typically in nuclear power plants, where the heat produced is used to generate steam and drive turbines.

Ohm

The unit of electrical resistance in the International System of Units (SI), representing the resistance that restricts the flow of one ampere of current with one volt of applied voltage.

Ohm’s Law

A fundamental law in electrical circuit analysis that states the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in a conductor

Open Circuit

A circuit that has a discontinuity, preventing current from flowing.

Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp)

A high-gain electronic amplifier used to amplify and manipulate signals in various applications, such as amplification, filtering, and mathematical operations.

Optical Fiber

A thin, transparent strand of glass or plastic that guides and transmits light signals over long distances, used in fiber optic communication systems.

Optocoupler

An electronic component that combines an LED (light-emitting diode) and a photodetector to provide electrical isolation and signal transmission between two circuits.

Optoelectronics

The branch of electronics that deals with devices and systems that convert electrical signals into light and vice versa, such as LEDs, photodiodes, and lasers.

Oscillator

A circuit or device that generates a continuous and repetitive waveform or signal, such as a sine wave, square wave, or pulse wave.

Oscilloscope

An instrument used to visualize and analyze electrical waveforms.

Overcurrent Protection

A protective measure employed in electrical systems to detect and respond to excessive current levels, typically provided by fuses, circuit breakers, or relays.

Overvoltage Protection

Devices or techniques employed to safeguard electrical systems and equipment against voltage surges or spikes that exceed the normal operating range.

PCB (Printed Circuit Board)

A board made of non-conductive material, such as fiberglass or epoxy, on which electronic components and interconnecting traces are mounted to create electronic circuits.

Parallel Circuit

A circuit configuration where components are connected side by side, providing multiple paths for current flow.

Passive Component

An electronic component that does not require an external power source to function, such as resistors, capacitors, and inductors.

Peak Voltage

The maximum value or amplitude of an alternating current (AC) or voltage waveform, measured from the zero reference point to the highest point of the waveform.

Permittivity

A measure of a material’s ability to store electrical energy in an electric field, characterized by its ability to polarize in response to an applied electric field.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Specialized equipment or clothing designed to protect individuals from potential electrical hazards or workplace risks.

Phase Angle

The angular displacement or difference in phase between two sinusoidal waveforms, often measured in degrees or radians.

Phase Locked Loop (PLL)

A control system or circuit that compares the phase and frequency of an input signal with a feedback signal and generates an output signal with a synchronized phase and frequency.

Photodetector

A device that detects and converts light or photons into an electrical signal, commonly used in optical communication, sensing, or imaging applications.

Photodiode

A semiconductor device that converts light into an electric current, commonly used in light detection and sensing applications.

Photovoltaic (PV) System

A solar power system that converts sunlight directly into electrical energy using photovoltaic cells or modules.

Photovoltaic Cell

A device that converts sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect, commonly used in solar panels or solar cells.

Photovoltaic Effect

The phenomenon by which certain materials generate an electric current when exposed to light, forming the basis of solar cells and photovoltaic systems.

Photovoltaic System

A system that converts sunlight directly into electrical energy using solar cells or photovoltaic modules.

Potentiometer

A variable resistor with three terminals, typically used to control or vary the voltage or current in a circuit.

Power Amplifier

A device or circuit that increases the power level of an electrical signal without significantly distorting its waveform, commonly used in audio amplification, RF transmission, or high-power applications.

Power Cable

A cable designed for the transmission and distribution of electrical power, typically consisting of multiple insulated conductors and protective layers.

Power Consumption Monitoring

The measurement and monitoring of electrical power consumption in order to analyze energy usage patterns, identify inefficiencies, and optimize energy management.

Power Consumption

The amount of electrical energy consumed by a device, equipment, or system over a specific period, typically measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh).

Power Distribution Panel

An assembly or enclosure that houses electrical components, circuit breakers, and protective devices to distribute power from a main electrical supply to various loads or sub-distribution panels.

Power Distribution System Planning

The process of designing and optimizing the configuration and layout of power distribution systems to meet load requirements efficiently and reliably.

Power Distribution

The process of delivering electrical power from a power source to various end-users, involving transmission lines, transformers, substations, and distribution networks.

Power Electronics Converter

A device or circuit that converts electrical power from one form to another, such as AC to DC, DC to AC, or DC to DC, using semiconductor switches and control techniques.

Power Electronics Devices

Electronic devices and components, such as transistors, diodes, and thyristors, used for power conversion, control, and conditioning.

Power Electronics

The branch of electrical engineering that deals with the design, control, and application of electronic devices and circuits for the conversion, conditioning, and control of electrical power.

Power Factor Controller

A device or circuit that regulates or adjusts the power factor of an electrical system by controlling reactive power compensation devices.

Power Factor Correction

The process of improving power factor by adding reactive elements, such as capacitors, to an electrical system, reducing reactive power and improving system efficiency.

Power Factor Meter

A device used to measure and indicate the power factor of an electrical circuit or system, providing information on the phase relationship between voltage and current.

Power Factor

A measure of how effectively electrical power is utilized in an AC circuit, representing the ratio of real power (watts) to apparent power (volt-amperes).

Power Generation

The process of converting primary energy sources, such as fossil fuels, nuclear energy, or renewable sources, into electrical power.

Power Line Communication (PLC)

Communication technology that uses existing power distribution lines for data transmission and control purposes.

Power Loss

The amount of electrical power dissipated or lost as heat during transmission, distribution, and utilization in an electrical system.

Power Measurement

The process of measuring electrical parameters, such as voltage, current, power, or energy consumption, to analyze and monitor electrical systems.

Power Plant Efficiency

The measure of how effectively a power plant converts fuel or energy input into electrical power output, indicating its overall performance and fuel utilization.

Power Plant

An industrial facility or installation that generates electrical power from various sources, such as fossil fuels, nuclear energy, renewable resources, or hybrid systems.

Power Quality Analyzer

A specialized instrument used to measure and analyze various parameters related to power quality, including voltage, current, harmonics, flicker, and transients, aiding in troubleshooting and optimization.

Power Quality Standards

Set of guidelines, specifications, and limits established to ensure the quality of electrical power delivered to end-users, addressing parameters such as voltage variations, harmonics, flicker, and interruptions.

Power Quality

The degree to which electrical power meets the requirements of the connected load in terms of voltage stability, frequency, and waveform.

Power Semiconductor Device

A semiconductor component designed for high-power applications, such as power amplification, switching, or control, including devices like power diodes, transistors, and thyristors.

Power Semiconductor

A semiconductor device designed to handle high power levels and voltage, typically used in power electronic circuits for switching and control applications.

Power Station

A facility or plant that generates electrical power from various energy sources, such as fossil fuels, nuclear energy, or renewable sources.

Power Supply

A device or circuit that converts input power to a stable and regulated output power.

Power System Analysis

The study and analysis of electrical power systems, including load flow analysis, short circuit analysis, transient stability analysis, and harmonic analysis, to ensure system reliability and performance.

Power System Economics

The branch of power system engineering that focuses on the economic aspects of power generation, transmission, and distribution, optimizing costs, investments, and operational efficiency.

Power System Modeling

The process of representing and simulating the behavior of a power system using mathematical and computational models.

Power System Operation

The control, monitoring, and management of power generation, transmission, and distribution systems to ensure reliable and efficient operation.

Power System Planning

The process of determining the optimal configuration, expansion, and operation of electrical power systems to meet current and future load demands while considering economic, reliability, and environmental factors.

Power System Protection

The measures, devices, and systems implemented to detect and isolate faults or abnormalities in an electrical power system to minimize damage and ensure safety.

Power System Restoration

The process of restoring electrical power after a complete or partial blackout or system failure, involving systematic checks, re-energization, and verification of system stability.

Power System Stability

The ability of a power system to maintain steady and synchronized operation under various disturbances, ensuring the reliable delivery of power to consumers.

Power Transformer

A device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction, commonly used to step-up or step-down voltage levels in power transmission and distribution.

Power Transmission

The process of transmitting electrical power at high voltages over long distances from power plants to substations or distribution networks.

Power

The rate at which work is done or energy is transferred, calculated as the product of voltage and current.

Printed Circuit Board (PCB)

A circuit board with conductive tracks printed or etched onto a non-conductive substrate.

Programmable Automation Controller (PAC)

A specialized industrial automation controller that combines the functionality of a programmable logic controller (PLC) with a computer system, offering more advanced capabilities and flexibility.

Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)

A digital computer-based device used for industrial automation and control, capable of executing control functions based on input/output signals.

Protective Relay

A device or system that monitors electrical quantities in a power system and initiates appropriate actions, such as circuit breaker tripping, to protect equipment and prevent damage during fault conditions.

Protective Relaying

The application of relays and protection schemes to detect and isolate faults or abnormal conditions in an electrical system for proper system protection.

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

A modulation technique that encodes information by varying the width of the pulse in a pulse train.

Q Factor

Quality factor, a measure of the damping characteristics or efficiency of an electrical circuit or resonator, calculated as the ratio of reactance to resistance.

Quantum Mechanics

The branch of physics that describes the behavior of matter and energy at the atomic and subatomic levels, based on quantum principles.

Radar

Acronym for “Radio Detection and Ranging,” a technology that uses radio waves to detect and track objects, commonly used in aviation, navigation, and weather monitoring.

Radiation

The emission of energy in the form of electromagnetic waves or particles, such as radio waves, X-rays, or alpha particles, often used in various applications, including communication and medical imaging.

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

A technology that uses radio waves to identify and track objects or individuals, commonly used in access control, inventory management, and contactless payment systems.

Reactive Power Compensation

The process of adding reactive power compensation devices, such as capacitors or reactors, to electrical systems to improve power factor, reduce losses, and enhance system efficiency.

Reactive Power Control

The regulation and management of reactive power in an electrical system to maintain voltage stability, reduce losses, and ensure optimal system performance.

Reactive Power

The component of AC power that oscillates between the source and the load due to reactive elements.

Rectifier

A circuit component that converts AC voltage to DC voltage.

Relay Coordination

The process of setting and coordinating the time-current characteristics of protective relays in an electrical system to ensure selective and coordinated fault clearing and system protection.

Relay Protection

Protective devices that detect abnormal conditions, such as overcurrent, overvoltage, or underfrequency, and initiate appropriate actions to isolate or de-energize a faulty circuit.

Relay

An electrically operated switch that controls the flow of current in a circuit by mechanically opening or closing contacts based on an applied control signal.

Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)

A microprocessor-controlled device used in SCADA systems to collect data from sensors and equipment, and transmit control signals to remote devices.

Renewable Energy

Energy derived from naturally replenishing sources such as sunlight, wind, hydro, biomass, or geothermal energy.

Residual Current Device (RCD)

A safety device that quickly detects and disconnects the power supply when a leakage current to the ground is detected, providing protection against electric shocks and ground faults.

Resistance

The opposition to the flow of electric current in a circuit, measured in ohms (Ω).

Resistor

A passive electronic component that limits the flow of electric current, dissipating energy in the form of heat.

Resolver

A rotary position sensor that measures angular displacement based on the inductive coupling between a rotor and stator winding.

Resonance

The condition in an electrical or mechanical system where the excitation frequency matches the natural frequency, resulting in a large amplitude response and potential resonance phenomena.

Robotics

The interdisciplinary field that combines engineering, science, and technology to design, develop, and operate mechanical devices or systems capable of performing tasks autonomously or with human assistance.

Root Mean Square (RMS)

A mathematical measure of the magnitude of an alternating current (AC) or voltage waveform, representing the effective value or equivalent DC value of the waveform.

Rotating Machine

An electrical machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy (generator) or vice versa (motor), including synchronous machines and induction machines.

SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition)

A system that combines control, monitoring, and data acquisition functions for centralized management of distributed processes.

Schematic Diagram

A graphical representation of a circuit using standardized symbols to represent components and connections.

Self-Inductance

The property of an inductor inducing a voltage in itself when the current through it changes.

Selsyn (Synchro)

A rotary motion device that transmits electrical signals to indicate the position or angular displacement of a rotating shaft or object.

Semiconductor

A material whose electrical properties lie between those of conductors and insulators.

Sensor

A device or transducer that detects and responds to physical or environmental changes and converts them into electrical signals for measurement or control.

Sequential Logic

Digital logic circuits where the output depends on the current input and previous inputs.

Series Circuit

A circuit configuration where components are connected in a linear sequence, allowing only one path for current flow.

Servo Motor

A motor with built-in feedback control mechanism that precisely controls position, velocity, and acceleration, commonly used in robotics, automation, and precision motion control systems.

Short Circuit

A low-resistance connection or path between two points in an electrical circuit, often resulting in excessive current flow and potentially causing damage or tripping protective devices.

Signal Processing

The manipulation, analysis, and modification of signals, such as audio, video, or sensor data, using mathematical algorithms and electronic techniques.

Signal

An electrical or electromagnetic representation of information.

Silicon

The most widely used semiconductor material in the electronics industry, known for its abundance, stability, and favorable electrical properties.

Single-Phase System

A power distribution system using a single AC voltage.

Smart Grid

An advanced electrical grid system that incorporates digital communication and control technologies to improve efficiency, reliability, and sustainability.

Smith Chart

A graphical tool used in radio frequency (RF) engineering to analyze and design transmission lines, impedance matching networks, and antenna systems.

Solar Cell

A device that converts sunlight directly into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect, commonly used in solar panels and renewable energy systems.

Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Array

A collection of interconnected solar panels or modules that convert sunlight directly into electrical energy using the photovoltaic effect, commonly used in solar power generation systems.

Soldering

The process of joining two or more metal components or electrical connections using molten solder, typically made of tin and lead or other alloys.

Solenoid

A coil of wire that produces a magnetic field when an electric current passes through it, often used to generate linear or rotary motion in mechanical systems.

Solid-State Devices

Electronic devices made from solid materials, typically semiconductors, without moving parts.

Solid-State Relay

An electronic switching device that uses semiconductor components, such as thyristors or MOSFETs, to perform the functions of a traditional electromechanical relay.

Substation

A facility that transforms voltage levels, regulates power flow, and distributes electricity from high-voltage transmission lines to lower-voltage distribution lines.

Superconductivity

The property exhibited by certain materials to conduct electric current with zero electrical resistance at low temperatures.

Superconductor

A material that exhibits zero electrical resistance when cooled below a certain critical temperature, allowing for efficient flow of electric current.

Superposition Theorem

A theorem that simplifies circuit analysis by considering the effect of each source individually while others are turned off.

Surge Arrester

A protective device installed in electrical systems to divert excessive voltage surges or transients to the ground, preventing damage to equipment and ensuring system integrity.

Surge Protection Device (SPD)

A device or component installed in electrical systems to limit or suppress voltage surges and transients caused by lightning strikes, switching operations, or other sources.

Surge Protection

Devices or systems designed to protect electrical equipment from transient voltage spikes or surges that can cause damage or malfunctions.

Surge Protector

A device that protects electrical equipment and systems from voltage spikes, surges, or transient disturbances by diverting excessive energy to the ground.

Switch

A device or component that controls the flow of electric current in a circuit, allowing for the opening or closing of the circuit or the selection of different paths.

Switchgear

Electrical equipment used to control, protect, and isolate electrical circuits and equipment, including switches, circuit breakers, and relays.

Synchronizing Panel

A control panel used to synchronize and parallel generators or power sources before connecting them to a common bus or electrical system, ensuring proper phase and voltage synchronization.

Synchronous Generator

A generator that produces alternating current (AC) with a frequency and phase synchronized to a reference signal or grid, commonly used in power generation.

Synchronous Motor

A motor that operates at a constant speed and remains synchronized with the frequency and phase of an AC power supply or grid, used in various applications.

Telecommunications

The transmission and exchange of information over a distance using various technologies and systems, including telephone networks, data networks, and wireless communication.

Temperature Coefficient

The measure of how much a material’s electrical resistance, conductivity, or other electrical properties change with temperature.

Temperature Sensor

A device that measures and detects changes in temperature, often used for temperature monitoring, control, or compensation in various applications.

Tesla (T)

The unit of magnetic flux density or magnetic induction in the International System of Units (SI), representing one weber per square meter.

Thermistor

A type of temperature sensor whose electrical resistance changes with temperature, commonly used for temperature measurement and compensation.

Thermocouple

A temperature sensor consisting of two dissimilar metal wires or alloys that generate a voltage proportional to the temperature difference between the measurement junction and the reference junction.

Thermoelectric Effect

The phenomenon where a temperature difference across a junction of two different materials generates an electrical voltage or current.

Three-Phase System

A polyphase electrical power distribution system that uses three alternating currents with a phase difference of 120 degrees, providing higher power capacity and efficiency.

Thyristor

A four-layer semiconductor device that can switch and control large electric currents, often used in power control and conversion applications.

Torque Control

The regulation or adjustment of torque output in motors or machines to achieve desired speed, position, or load requirements.

Transducer

A device that converts one form of energy into another, such as a microphone (sound to electrical), a loudspeaker (electrical to sound), or a temperature sensor (temperature to electrical).

Transformer Oil

A specialized oil used as a coolant and insulating medium in power transformers, providing electrical insulation, heat dissipation, and protection against moisture and contaminants.

Transformer

A device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction, typically used to step up or step down voltage levels.

Transient Stability Analysis

The study and assessment of a power system’s ability to maintain synchronous operation and recover from transient disturbances or faults, ensuring stable system behavior.

Transient Stability

The ability of a power system to maintain synchronous operation and recover stable conditions following a disturbance, such as a fault or sudden load change.

Transient Voltage Suppressor (TVS)

A protective device used to divert excessive voltage transients or surges to the ground, safeguarding electronic circuits and components from damage.

Transient

A temporary and non-steady-state condition or event in an electrical circuit or system, typically characterized by a sudden change or disturbance in voltage or current.

Transistor

A semiconductor device that amplifies or switches electronic signals and serves as a fundamental building block of modern electronic circuits.

Transmission Line

A structure or medium that carries electrical signals or power from one point to another, typically using conductors or waveguides, while preserving signal integrity.

Transmission Lines

High-voltage power lines used to transmit electrical energy over long distances from power plants to distribution substations.

Transmitter

A device or system that generates and sends out electromagnetic signals, such as radio waves, carrying information or data.

Transposition Tower

A support structure used in overhead transmission lines to facilitate conductor transposition, allowing for periodic swapping of conductors to mitigate the effects of unbalance and asymmetry.

Transposition

The process of interchanging the positions of conductors in a transmission line or cable to mitigate the effects of mutual inductance and ensure balanced operation.

Triac

A three-terminal electronic component that combines the functionality of a diode and a thyristor, commonly used for AC power control and switching applications.

Ultrasonic

Relating to or utilizing ultrasound, which is sound waves with frequencies higher than the upper limit of human hearing, commonly used in medical imaging, distance measurement, and cleaning applications.

Unbalanced Load

An electrical load that causes uneven distribution or unequal currents in the phases of a three-phase system, potentially leading to voltage imbalance, overheating, and reduced system efficiency.

Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)

A backup power system that provides temporary electrical power to connected devices or equipment in the event of a power outage or voltage fluctuation, ensuring continuous operation and preventing data loss.

Variable Frequency Drive (VFD)

A device that controls the speed and torque of an electric motor by adjusting the frequency and voltage of the power supplied to it.

Volt (V)

The unit of electrical potential difference or electromotive force in the International System of Units (SI).

Voltage Control

The regulation and adjustment of voltage levels within specified limits in an electrical system, ensuring compatibility with equipment, efficient power transfer, and system stability.

Voltage Dip

A sudden and temporary decrease in voltage levels below normal values, typically caused by the starting of large motors or the switching of heavy loads, potentially affecting sensitive equipment.

Voltage Divider

A circuit or component arrangement that divides a voltage into smaller fractions using resistors or impedance elements.

Voltage Drop

The decrease in voltage that occurs when current flows through a resistor, conductor, or component due to its inherent resistance or impedance.

Voltage Flicker

The rapid and repetitive fluctuations in voltage levels caused by sudden changes in load conditions, often resulting in visible light flickering and affecting the performance of sensitive equipment.

Voltage Follower

A circuit configuration or operational amplifier configuration that produces an output voltage that is equal to and follows the input voltage, commonly used for buffering and impedance matching purposes.

Voltage Regulation

The ability of a power supply or voltage source to maintain a stable output voltage regardless of variations in input voltage or load conditions.

Voltage Regulator

A circuit or device that maintains a constant output voltage regardless of input voltage variations.

Voltage Sag

A temporary and brief reduction in voltage levels below normal values, typically caused by faults, starting large loads, or grid disturbances, potentially affecting sensitive equipment.

Voltage Stabilizer

A device or system used to regulate and maintain a stable voltage output despite fluctuations in the input voltage, ensuring a reliable operation of sensitive equipment.

Voltage Transformer

A type of transformer used to step down or step up voltage levels for measurement, protection, or control purposes, often employed in power systems.

Voltage Unbalance

An uneven distribution of voltage magnitudes or phase angles in a three-phase power system, often caused by unbalanced loads, faulty connections, or inadequate conductor sizes.

Voltage

The electric potential difference between two points, which causes the movement of electric charge.

Watt (W)

The unit of power in the International System of Units (SI), representing the rate of energy transfer or work done at a rate of one joule per second.

Wattmeter

An instrument used to measure electrical power in watts, typically by measuring both voltage and current and calculating their product.

Waveform Distortion

The alteration or deformation of an electrical waveform from its ideal shape or characteristics, often caused by harmonic components, nonlinear loads, or circuit impairments.

Waveform

A graphical representation of the variation of a signal with respect to time.

Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)

A technology that uses radio waves to provide wireless network connectivity, allowing devices to connect and communicate without physical wired connections.

Wind Turbine

A device that converts kinetic energy from the wind into electrical energy using the rotation of turbine blades.

Wireless Communication

The transfer of information between two or more points without the use of physical wired connections.

X-Ray

Electromagnetic radiation with higher energy and shorter wavelength than ultraviolet light, commonly used in medical imaging, material inspection, and scientific research.

X-ray

Electromagnetic radiation with shorter wavelengths and higher energy than ultraviolet light, commonly used for medical imaging, material inspection, and industrial applications.

Zener Diode

A specialized diode that operates in the reverse breakdown region, maintaining a constant voltage drop across its terminals, used for voltage regulation and protection.

Zero-Crossing Detection

The detection of the point in an AC waveform where the voltage or current crosses the zero reference level, often used for timing and synchronization purposes.

Zero-Sequence Current

The sum of the three-phase currents that flow in the neutral conductor or return path of a three-phase system during an unbalanced condition or fault.

ZigBee

A low-power wireless communication protocol based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard, commonly used in home automation, industrial control, and sensor networks.

Zonal Electrical Distribution System

An electrical power distribution system where power generation, distribution, and control are organized into distinct zones or sections, providing localized power supply and management.